List of abstracts, 2020 all issues
No 1 (17)
| Bakhili D. Keywords: Development of Express formulas | Rapid assessment of fire risks in the premises administrative facilities.
The relevance of the topic is due to the introduction of a risk-based approach in the activities of state fire supervision bodies, which makes it necessary to make decisions when checking objects of protection, bringing to administrative responsibility, taking into account the degree of risk of harm. |
| Khudiakova S. V. Keywords: humanitarian education, mathematical research methods, communicative, creative abilities, ability to self-development, self-education of students. | Humanitarian education criteria students of technical specialties
The article is dealing with the components of the humanitarian education of students of technical specialties in educational activities, diagnostic tools, the research base, its stages and results. |
| Kozlova D. Keywords: park; ecosystem services; dust filtering capacity | Sokolniki Park: historical value and ecosystem functions
This article examines the role of Sokolniki Park as a historically significant object of the city of Moscow, as well as as one of the major plantings that perform important ecosystem services in the urban environment. This is confirmed by the data obtained in the study of dust-filtering of tree and shrub species growing in the Park. The use of species with the maximum dust filtering capacity can significantly improve the environmental situation of adjacent areas. |
| Krutikova P. V. Keywords: Woody plants, shrubs, absorbency, dust-filtering ability. | Monument of garden and park art - park of the Northern River Station: traditions and ecological significance
Green plantations are adversely affected by atmospheric pollutants in the city. The number of suspended particles in the air is several times greater near roads and Highways compared to other territories of the city. The study is aimed at determining the absorption capacity of various species of trees and shrubs, assessing their stability and developing methods to increase the dust-filtering capacity of the park section on the side of the Leningrad Highway. |
| Amosova K. D. Keywords: bank certificates, banks, financial market, securities | Analysis of the market of bank certificates for 2008-2018
Banks, being intermediaries in the financial market, can act as issuers of various types of securities, one of which is bank certificates. Banks use this type of securities to increase the resource base, and individuals and legal entities to generate income. The analysis of the dynamics and the structure of bank certificates was conducted in the article, the conclusions were made about the state of the market of bank certificates in Russia. |
| Vereshko S. S. Keywords: economic growth, political trust, institutional economics, trust | Institutional trust as the factor of economic development
The article considers the role of trust as a the factor of economic development. Based on OECD data, 7 types of trust are distinguished and an emphasis is placed on institutional trust, which is understood by the author as a citizen's trust in public and private organizations. Based on relevant data from sociological studies, a conclusion is drawn on the dynamics in the field of institutional trust. |
No 2 (18)
| Gladkova D. Keywords: medicine, private medicine, patient focus | Modern problems of private medicine
Today, private medicine is an integral part of Russian healthcare. In this article, the author examines the main problems of private medicine at the present stage of development. |
| Efimova K. Keywords: Fundament, zhiloy dom, plita perekrytiya 38/5000 Foundation, residential building, floor slab | Selection of the optimal foundation for a four-story residential building
This article discusses two types of foundations - a pile foundation and a strip foundation on a natural foundation. The floor slab is also designed to determine the loads on the foundation. After calculating the slab and two types of foundations, the estimated cost was determined and the most economical option was chosen. |
| Sorokina I. S. Keywords: emotional sphere of primary school students, anger, fear, art therapy | The use of art therapy in work with primary school children's fear and anger
The article is devoted to peculiarities of primary school children's fear and anger, describes typical psychological portraits, includes analysis of differences in the amount of fears between children with varied manifestation of anger. The research problem is that it is necessary to carry out of correction- and development-education with younger students with emotional difficulties. The result of the research was the conclusions about age and individual variants of primary school children's fear and anger manifestations, also was developed correction- and development-program. |
| Matveeva A. D. Keywords: park Udaltsovsky prudy; functional zoning; urban planning situation; natural complex; site improvement; reconstruction | Research Park Udaltsova ponds as part of landscaping and planning structures of the West and southwest of the city of Moscow
The city's parks and other green spaces have a strategic importance for the quality of life of a society that has become increasingly subject to urbanization. In this regard, the study and analysis of the development/degradation, state and use of park areas is becoming particularly relevant now. The West and South-West of Moscow have the most favorable conditions for placing park areas, thanks to the successful wind rose, a variety of terrain and a slightly warmer climate than the rest of the capital. In this regard, the study of the use of natural areas as the main recreational objects of the urban environment was conducted on the example of the Park Udaltsovsky prudy. |
| Gracheva E. N. Keywords: Keywords: Volkhonka estate, nature reserve, arboretum, Bogorodsk Institute of Local History, protected areas, introducers | Historical aspects of the creation of the arboretum ("Living Book" reserve) in the city of Noginsk, Moscow Region
Annotation: The article briefly analyzes the historical aspect of the arboretum (reserve) "Living Book" in the city of Noginsk and considers the periods of development - pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern. |
| Matsuev R. A., Meheda M. D. Keywords: wood structures, knots, shear, strength, pliability. | The dependence of the value of destructive loads in the sheet of wooden elements compounds from the number of nuclears
This article is devoted to finding the exact relationship between the readings of the breaking load and the number of fasteners in the connection of wooden elements during shear deformation. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that issues related to the competent use of a renewable resource, such as wood, are raised in a complex stress state that arises everywhere. |
| Shikhalova V. Keywords: delinquency, budget legislation, violations in the budgetary sphere, coercive measures, administrative penalties, improper use of budgetary funds, chief administrator and recipient of budgetary funds, chief administrator of budgetary revenues, Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation | Potential measures of liability for violations of budget legislation
The article deals with the establishment of liability (administrative and budgetary) for violations in the budget sphere. The legislation concerning the establishment of liability standards and statistical data on the detection of offences for the last three years are analyzed. Further prospects of improvement of control over the budgetary sphere in the Russian Federation and the purpose of application of budgetary coercive measures are defined. |
No 3 (19)
| Balandin D. Y. Keywords: metaphysics, Coreth, neo-Thomism | The idea of God in E. Coreth's metaphysics
This article reveals the meaning of the E. Coreth’s idea of God on the basis of the analysis of his manual "Foundations of metaphysics". The author concludes that the E. Coreth’s idea of God can be considered as a metaphysical idea, with the help of which one can be rationally explained the interaction of absolute being and contingent being. |
| Rubtsova V. M. Keywords: fear; cognition; freedom; person; overcoming. | Philosophical understanding of fear in the poem of Lucretius Kara "On the nature of things"
This article discusses the problems of the emergence of human fear, its manifestations, features, types, as well as ways to deal with it using the example of the poem of the ancient philosopher Lucretius Cara "On the nature of things." The article highlights the causes of appearance, the main categories and ways to overcome this feeling. The study reflects the relevance of the topic both in the ancient era and in modern times, which shows its importance in people's lives. The main content of the study is the analysis of fragments from the poem "On the Nature of Things", which reflects not only the thoughts of the author, but also the spirit of society of that time as a whole, as well as a comparison of two societies: ancient and modern in the category of fear. Thanks to the study, the author identified and justified the means to combat fear, based on the epistemological aspects and relevant to date. |
| Travkin P. S. Keywords: the KNIL, Nederlands-Indie, colonial army, Africans, the history of Indonesia. | Africans in the Royal Dutch Army of the Nederlands-Indie
The Royal Dutch Army of the Nederlands-Indie (KNIL) was established in 1830. The main task of the army was the oppression of every revolt or rebellion against the Dutch all over Nederlands-Indie (contemporary Indonesia). Among the local population who served in the KNIL there was one unique group, namely the African soldiers who were brought to Indonesia as slaves from the Golden Coast. The article is related to the story of “the black Dutchmen” in Indonesia. Such issues as the appearance of Africans in the archipelago, their service in the KNIL, social status of “the black Dutchmen” in the society of the Oost-Indie in the 19th century, their relations with the locals and the problem of racism which was from the Dutch side as well as from the side of the locals. Another question, which was mentioned in the article, was the question of preserving the historical heritage of the “Belanda hitam”. The article was written with the usage of work of Dutch, Russian, and Indonesian scholars. |
| Uriadnikov I. A. Keywords: Red Finns, Lauri Letonmäki, biography, Soviet historiography of the history of Finland, Soviet Karelia. | Lauri Letonmäki: Strokes of biography
The article briefly examines the strokes of the biography of Lauri Letonmäki, a prominent figure in the social democratic movement in Finland, who emigrated along with other "Red Finns" to Soviet Russia after the defeat of the left in the Civil War of 1918. Particular attention is paid to the little-known side of his activities – writing the first in the USSR generalizing works on the history of Karelia and Finland. The question is raised about the need for a comprehensive study of the historiographic heritage of L. Letonmäki. |
| Grigorevskiy V. A. Keywords: indigenous peoples, national minorities, representative bodies, administrative law | Advisory bodies of indigenous peoples with representative and executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as the main mechanism for their participation in the management of state affairs
The indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation are a relatively small and extremely legally vulnerable part of the population of our country. In areas in which they have an interest, government bodies make decisions daily in the form of laws and orders. Control over their creation and adoption is a necessary guarantee of the rights of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this article is to identify the best of these controls. |
| Gatchenko V. O. Keywords: impeachment, the highest official of the state, high treason, deprivation of political rights, the procedure for bringing the head of state to justice. | The institute of impeachment of the head of state in foreign countries
The article presents and comments on the points of view of authoritative scientists regarding the interpretation of the concept of "impeachment" due to the lack of its legislative consolidation and a unified view of it, examines the common grounds and consequences of impeachment for various foreign states, and therefore highlights their similar and different features, as well as current problems of their legal regulation in the Constitutions of foreign countries. The impeachment procedure is described on the example of the United States, Germany and France in order to determine the degree of participation of the Parliament as one of the bodies that restrain the presidential power. |
| Ryabova K. A. Keywords: social insurance; social security; social insurance fund; insurance premiums; social payments | Social insurance and social security system in Russia
Social insurance and security, which are social protection systems, provide an opportunity to exercise the constitutional rights of economically active citizens. The first involves obtaining material support in the event of illness, loss of a breadwinner, loss of full or partial working capacity, unemployment, old age, or insured events. Social security for the protection of the most vulnerable strata of the population who, due to special circumstances, cannot provide for themselves on their own - the elderly, the disabled, children, orphans, etc. The aim of the study was to study the process and features of social insurance and security in Russia. Using such research methods as information search and analysis, formalization, synthesis, classification, graphic modeling, generalization, conclusions were drawn about the need to reform the structure of social insurance and security. Also, the main directions and sources of cash receipts from the main funds of social insurance - the social insurance fund, the compulsory medical insurance fund, and the pension fund of the Russian Federation were highlighted, statistics on the income and expenses of the social insurance fund and the procedure for calculating insurance contributions in 2020 were provided. Conclusions are drawn about the need for social security payments. |
| Polina R. A., Sturova M. A. Keywords: Lean production; losses; value; value stream; value stream map; office flow; mapping; optimization. | Value stream mapping features in an office production conditions
The article defines the key terms of the lean production concept, and describes, in general, their impact on the production flow efficiency. The main work is aimed at studying and describing such an element of lean production as value stream mapping. The paper examines the distinctive features of the value stream in office processes, and the product of these processes is the result of the interconnected departments intellectual work. It also reveals the impact of the identified differences on the creation of a value stream map. An algorithm for office processes mapping is developed and presented in the article. The scientific novelty of the study is the development of a step-by-step flowchart designed to select office processes that are suitable for mapping the value stream. As a result, we defined conditions required to map the value stream successfully and identify losses hidden in the office flow. The conditions are correct selection of the process to map, as well as attention to details caused by differences from value stream mapping in production. |
| Sechko A. Keywords: Meyrink, “The Golem”, Lagerkvist, “The Dwarf”, expressionism, doubleganger. | THE MOTIVE OF THE DOUBLES AS A MECHANISM OF EXPRESSIONISM IN “THE DWARF” BY PER LAGERKVIST AND “THE GOLEM” BY GUSTAV MEYRINK
This article considers the motive of the doubles as a way of illustration the expressionism in the novels “The Dwarf” by Per Lagerkvist and “The Golem” by Gustav Meyrink. It allows authors to reveal the insincerity and variability of the world. However, the motive of the doubles operates in each of the novels in different ways: in “The Golem”, the doubleganger (Golem) is one of the parts of a torn consciousness, and in “The Dwarf”, the doubleganger (Dwarf) personifies everything ugly and evil that everyone hides in the depths of their souls. In addition, this device is either a complex combination with occult teachings (G. Meyrink) or an allusion to the era of World War II (P. Lagerkvist). |
| Amanaki M. G. Keywords: human body parts names, metaphorical meaning, polysemy, metaphor, metonymy, comparative lexicology | Polysemy of the human body parts names in modern Russian and Greek languages.
In the present work, we study comparatively the names of two parts of the human body in terms of their literal and figurative meanings in Russian and Greek languages, in order to highlight their metaphorical and metonymic meanings, to draw conclusions about how to create these meanings and to find similarities and differences between two languages. The research method of the study consists of the comparative semantic analysis of the entries from etymological and explanatory dictionaries of the two languages, as well as other modern written sources. Based on the detailed description of the mechanics that create polysemy in the words φτέρνα / пятка and γλώσσα / язык in both languages, the study leads to conclusions about similar or related, as well as diametrically opposed, semantic manifestations of the above words in Russian and Greek and their frequent use in everyday speech, as well as in the specialized language of science and technology. |
No 4 (20)
| Brylko P. Keywords: historical buildings, urban planning legislation, urban environment protection zones | Analysis of state protection instruments of SaintPetersburg's historical buildings
The article analyzes the existing urban environment heritage protection tools, in particular, the current legislative and regulatory basis is considered. The question of insufficient detailing of measures to preserve historical buildings, affecting the formation of the city urban appearance and the need for a statefixed system of restrictions, ensuring the preservation of historical environment key elements is raised. |
| Denisov R. Keywords: Mining production; natural environment; dust and gas emissions; pollution migration; transboundary pollution. | Features of mining production impact on the environment
The relationship between natural environments and pollution caused by various elements of mining production is given. Several features of mining production are shown. The main sources of environmental pollution in mining production, harmful gases emitted during the production process are given. The consequences of pollution influence are presented. |
| Ermokhin A. Keywords: green infrastructure, green infrastructure technologies, ecological framework. | Analysis of the historical development of green infrastructure
The article examines the origin and formation of the term "green infrastructure". The development of green infrastructure in foreign countries and in Russia is analyzed. The similarities between the green infrastructure and the ecological framework have been established. Based on the materials, the main stages of the evolution of green infrastructure are highlighted on the example of modern and historical landscape architecture objects. |
| Chalkin A. Keywords: low-rise construction, energy efficiency, thermal conductivity, wood waste, wood-cement material, amorphous silicon dioxide | Rationale for conducting microclimatic and technical and operational studies in a building made of nano-modified wood-cement material in the conditions of the northern region
The article discusses the options for the execution and justification for the implementation of technical and operational and microclimatic studies in a one-story building with an area of 18 m2. The walls of the building are made of blocks with dimensions of 190x300x500 mm. The material of the blocks is wood-cement material with a nano-modifier (amorphous silicon dioxide “Kovelos”). |
| Tsedrik A. Keywords: municipal solid waste, polymer waste processing plant, polymer waste, problems of waste recycling, organizations that accept plastic in Petrozavodsk. | Study polymer waste market
This article discusses the problems of recycling polymer waste, waste accumulation in Russia, the need to build a plant for the processing of polymer waste in the Republic of Karelia. |
| Anisimova A. Keywords: non-alcoholic steatohepatites, alaninaminotransferase (ALT), cytokeratin – 18 fragments (CKF-18), tumor necrosis factor –alpha (TNF-a), liver fibrosis | The features of diagnosis and clinical course of non-alcoholic steatohepatites
Nowadays there is a great amount of undiagnosed cases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to lack of clean subjective and objective symptoms. At the same time, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most progressive form of NAFLD, can cause the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This article examines the clinical status of NASH, traditional laboratory methods, which are used to recognize the liver damage degree, and fibrosis scales, NAFLD fibrosis score and FIB-4, which are limiting biopsy. Actually the clinic status of NASH is still oligosymptomatic and the main objective symptom is moderate increase in liver size and changes of echo-structure. The most informative laboratory indicators are alanin aminotransferase, cytokeratin – 18 fragments, tumor necrosis factor – alpha and triglycerides. It is important to note that NAFLD fibrosis score is proved to be the most informative in assessing liver fibrosis degree. |
| Reshetneva A., Melnikova O. Keywords: cholecalciferol; failure; risk factors; sociological survey; vitamin D preparations. | Conducting an expert assessment of consumer knowledge about vitamin D preparations
The article presents the data of a sociological survey of consumers conducted to assess the potential presence of vitamin D deficiency and their knowledge about the pharmacy assortment of this vitamin. The survey revealed that 81% of respondents are aware of the importance of vitamin D for the body. 52% of respondents observe risk factors for deficiency. 59% of respondents take cholecalciferol drugs to prevent failure, with the most widely used drugs are Aquadetrim and Vigantol. The article also proposes the trajectories of the sanitary-educational work of pharmacy organizations aimed at the diagnosis and prevention of vitamin D in the population. |
| Karpova A. Keywords: History of Japan, Tokugawa period, Caron, Kaempfer, Thunberg, Titsingh, Doeff, Siebold | Tokugawa Japan in European travellers' works
The article aims to analyze the description of Japan during the Tokugawa period in the works of European travelers who visited the country in the 17th, 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. This analysis has been done by examining "Description of Japan" by Francois Caron and "History of Japan" by Engelbert Kaempfer; also by researching "Travels in Europe, Africa and Asia" by Karl Peter Thunberg, and "Illustrations of Japan" by Isaac Titsingh; and by investigating "Recollections of Japan" by Hendrik Doeff and "Nippon" by Philip Franz von Siebold. The author shows that these works allow not only to get acquainted with the image of Japan in the minds of Europeans, but also to discover some features of the cultural contacts between Europe and Japan during this period. |
| Dmitriev N. A. Keywords: Kalinin diocese; “church revival”; opening of churches; believers; parish; petitions; commissioner of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church; bishop. | The struggle of believers for churches in the Kalinin Diocese in the period of “church revival”
The article is devoted to one of the aspects of state-church relations in the USSR – the struggle of believers for churches in the Kalinin diocese during the “church revival”. The author describes the concept of “church revival”, examines the procedure for opening churches, and studies the forms of struggle of believers for opening churches. On the basis of archival data, author concluded about the high activity of believers and the effectiveness of this struggle. |
| Andreeva A. Keywords: network (social) partnership, specialized education, network interaction, integrative model. | An integrative model of school network partnership for the implementation of specialized education
The article presents the results of the development of an integrative model of school network partnership in order to implement specialized education. The relevance of the research is that the network partnership allows more efficient organization of specialized education, promotes better occupational self-determination of schoolchildren, maintains continuity between all levels of education and thereby creates an opportunity to build an integrative model of the educational process. |
| Kmito O. Keywords: preschool education, professional readiness, professional competence, professional competency, professionally important personal qualities | Personal qualities in the professional readiness of preschool teachers
The article presents the research materials of the professional readiness of preschool teachers. The relevance of the problem is connected with the introduction of the preschool teacher professional standard and the lack of qualified staff in the regions of Karelia. The research materials can be used in the organization of psychological and pedagogical support of the professional readiness of preschool educational organizations' teachers. |
| Mukhamedzhanova V. A. Keywords: social and economic situation, «new poor», social structure, poor, deprivation, differentiation, subsistence minimum | The phenomenon of new poverty in modern Russia
This article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the «new poor» (based on empirical research in Petrozavodsk). The study was conducted in 2020, it describes the situation of the "new poor" group in the socio-economic structure of Petrozavodsk. In the study, we used methods of semi-standardized focused interviews. The ultimate goal was to identify and describe the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation of the study group. |
| Brodkin A. Keywords: sociology of sex, sociology of aging, gerontology, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes, intimacy | Sexual behavior and attitudes of persons of older age groups
In modern Russia, such a concept as old age is accompanied by a large number of stereotypes that were originally not inherent in this term. One of them is that old age is an age in which there is no place for love and sex. The article is devoted to the topic of sexual behavior and attitudes of older age groups and empirical identification of the peculiarities of sexual relationships of this group. The article presents the results of an online survey of senior citizens, conducted in April 2020. The main results of the research were the conclusions that allow us to say that at the age of 60+ people's sexual life persists, and only transforms into other forms over time. The complete exclusion of people from the sphere of intimate life, at this age, can only be talked about by way of exception. Also, the influence of certain social facts on the sexual behavior and attitudes of the older age groups has been noted. |
| Igoshina I. Keywords: social rehabilitation, children with disabilities, disabled people, charity, Elberfelder system, Needy, social security, Germany, Japan | The history of the development of social rehabilitation of children with disabilities
In the modern world, there are many ways and approaches to studying the social rehabilitation of children with disabilities. At the same time, problems in the socio-economic, medical and environmental spheres lead to a high level of human morbidity and these factors contribute to an increase in the number of special children. Despite the active development of social rehabilitation in Russia, the lack of knowledge about proper social rehabilitation and providing comfortable living conditions for children is of particular importance. The aim of this work is to study the development of social rehabilitation of children with disabilities at different stages of history. As a result social assistance to children in Russia was considered during the formation of the Russian Empire to the present day. The study of the formation of rehabilitation of children in foreign countries, such as Germany and Japan. When considering the issue, information on social support for pensioners, disabled people, and homeless adults was studied. The following methods were used: theoretical study, analysis and generalization of scientific literature sources and information. It can be concluded that social technologies and methods that were discovered many centuries ago are actively used and play an important role today. The experience of foreign countries has had a positive impact on the social policy of our country. |
| Timonina V. Keywords: social work, elderly people, psychological features, old age crisis, communication | Psychological features of social work with the elderly
The article examines the psychological features characteristic of the elderly, which must be taken into account by a social work specialist when interacting with an elderly person. Changes in the leading type of activity after retirement, deteriorating health, and weakening of social ties have a negative impact on the psychological health of elderly people. Such psychological problems as a feeling of incomprehensibility and indifference, an internal state of loneliness, loss of fullness of life, suspicion, anxiety appear or worsen. The knowledge and understanding of a specialist in the psychology of the elderly will protect him from unwanted mistakes, will allow him to build a trusting relationship with the client for effective work. |
| Artieva M. Keywords: social rehabilitation technology; psychological condition; therapy dogs; animal therapy. | Opportunities of canistherapy when working with people with disabilities and disabled people: experience, difficulties and prospects
Currently, the "canistherapy" method has become widespread in the West, and now there is an active introduction and implementation of this method in our country. Beginning with positive rehabilitation effects, effectively affecting the emotional sphere of a person's personality, therapy was transformed into a separate social rehabilitation, based on the development of an individual rehabilitation program. |
| Slavashevich Y. Keywords: social work, elderly person, professional social work, non-professional social work | Social work with the elderly in rural areas
Nowadays, the global and stable development of the aging population trend, which puts before society a number of requirements of an economic, psychological, and social nature, the solution of which should be primarily aimed at providing assistance to elder citizens, as one of the most vulnerable categories of the population. Special attention should be paid to the citizens living in rural areas who face a wider range of problems in their lives such as the lack of diversity of services provided, the lack or unskilled specialists, the poor roads, the lack of transport, the mobile communications, etc. In this article, we will consider the main approaches to the study of aging, the features of rural areas, distinguish between the concepts of professional and non-professional social work, and analyze the results of an empirical study. |
| Babarov N. Keywords: online store, survey, consumption, social networks, sociology, digital economy | Sociological survey of customer behavior in an online store
The importance of conducting research on Internet consumption is shown. An example of conducting an Internet study of consumption by means of social networks is given. And at the end, recommendations for distributing questionnaires in such networks are given. |
| Shadrin P. Keywords: project finance; deceived equity holders; housing construction; escrow account, equity participation agreement | Consequences of the transition to the project finance of housing construction
The article is devoted to the transition from equity financing in the field of housing construction to project finance. As part of the study, the mechanisms for financing housing construction were compared under the old and new rules. On the basis of this comparison, conclusions were drawn as to the consequences for the State, developers and buyers of apartments that the transition under consideration would have. |
| Kosteva D. Keywords: Velvet revolution, democracy, the Constitution, the post-socialist States, a change of government. | Constitutional legislation of the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe
The article examines the constitutional legislation of the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The paper analyzes the legislation of such countries as Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Slovenia. The article presents a historical background that influenced the change of power in these countries, and, accordingly, the adoption of new legislative acts-Constitutions that consolidated the new democratic foundations of States. |
| Gatchenko V. Keywords: court penalty, bad faith, non-execution of a court decision, size, legal principles. | Court penalty as a way to compel the debtor to perform the obligation as soon as possible in kind: possible calculation options
The article deals with the problem of calculating the court penalty due to the lack of a single universal mechanism in civil legislation. A specific example illustrates how it is necessary to calculate a court penalty in such an amount in order to protect the violated rights of the creditor, to compel the debtor to fulfill the obligation in kind as soon as possible and not to violate the legally established principles that should guide the courts in calculating. We also analyze the mistakes of courts when it awards a court penalty. |