List of abstracts, 2025 all issues

Vol. 10, No 1

Ignatovich V. S. Keywords: diplomatic reception, diplomatic protocol, diplomatic etiquette, business tea party, "tea diplomacy"	"Tea" as a Form of Diplomatic Reception This article examines the diplomatic reception known as "tea", a practice prevalent in various cultures. The research employs a theoretical analysis methodology, allowing for a comprehensive summary of existing information on this form of diplomatic reception. The author explores the origins and significance of tea receptions, identifying generally accepted norms and protocols associated with them. The conclusion drawn is that "tea" as a form of diplomatic reception typically demonstrates a commitment to dialogue and mutual understanding between parties, fostering an atmosphere of trust and respect in international relations.
Izetov R. A. Keywords: history of Crimea, Crimean SSR, Crimean Tatars, Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Yiri Gaven	The Status of the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic from July 1919 to November 1920 This paper aims to examine the factors that contributed to the change in the status of the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) between July 1919 and November 1920. This topic is particularly relevant given the emergence of new historical sources related to this issue. The author identifies several key reasons for the continued existence of the Crimean SSR. Drawing on documentary evidence, the author concludes that the Crimean SSR remained intact until November 1920 largely due to the Russian leadership's desire to revive and expand the policies implemented by the Crimean Bolsheviks from April to June 1919.
Popov D. A. Keywords: Karelia, Olonets Campaign, Finnish intervention, military operations, 82nd Rifle Regiment	Combat Operations of the 82nd Rifle Regiment During the Olonets Campaign in Spring and Summer 1919 The article examines the combat operations of the 82nd Rifle Regiment of the 1st Rifle Division during the spring and summer of 1919, a period marked by military actions in Karelia between the Red Army and the Finnish Olonets Volunteer Army. Analyzing the combat actions of the Olonets campaign using the archival materials of the regimental units of the Red Army is important, as it offers the most comprehensive account of the events and helps to identify the challenges faced by the command.
Kozhevnikov A. K. Keywords: electronic voting, G7, electoral process, digital technologies, information security, legal mechanisms	Experience of Using E-Voting Tools in the G7 Electoral Process This article examines the experience of using electronic voting tools in the electoral processes of the Group of Seven (G7) countries. The author conducts a comparative legal analysis to compare the norms and practices in various countries, uses the method of statistical processing to identify patterns and trends, and applies modeling to propose enhancements to legal regulation. As a result, the article offers recommendations for improving legal frameworks, which include the implementation of pilot projects and the development of an integrated voting platform that leverages modern technologies, among other suggestions.
Kochetkov I. K. Keywords: restricted use zones, RUZ, legal regime of land plots, restricted use of land plots, compensation for damages, real estate objects, courts, judicial practice	Overeview of Practices of Satisfying Claims for Damages Caused by the Establishment of Restricted Use Zones The article examines the development of the mechanism of compensation for damages resulting from the establishment of zones with special conditions of use of territories or restricted use zones (RUZs). The author identifies the peculiarities of compensation for damages due to RUZ establishment under various circumstances, evaluates the effectiveness of legislative regulation in this area, analyzes the consistency and fairness of law enforcement practices at certain stages of this institution's formation. Based on the study and analysis of relevant materials, the article draws conclusions about the directions for law enforcement improvement in this area.
Akkolainen A. D. Keywords: social infrastructure, children's infrastructure, parental involvement, family life, Kostomuksha	Children's Social Infrastructure in the City of Kostomuksha and Parental Involvement in Their Education The article examines the social infrastructure of Kostomuksha city from the perspective of children's well-being and parental involvement in their education and upbringing. It primarily focuses on the balance between work and family life, a critical issue for contemporary parents. While the analysis of children's infrastructure indicates that it is well-developed, a survey conducted among parents highlights the need for improvements in work-family balance. The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the peculiarities of social life in a young industrial centre.
Ovsyannikova E. S. Keywords: EdTech, additional education, distance education, online education, children's education	Additional Education for Children: A Sociological Analysis of EdTech The article deals with EdTech-based education in Russia. An exploratory study was conducted through interviews with experts to investigate the definition of EdTech-based education, the technologies involved, its advantages and limitations, as well as predictions for the future. The findings indicate that EdTech encompasses online education that leverages various new technologies, possesses unique characteristics, and is becoming increasingly popular today.
Sysalova M. S. Keywords: personnel mental state management, organizational efficiency, socio-psychological climate, decision-making	The Importance of Team Socio-Psychological Climate for Personnel Management Within Organizations One effective strategy for enhancing organizational efficiency is to improve work performance, with a key factor being a favorable socio-psychological climate (SPC), particularly within government agencies. This article aims to examine the current state of SPC in a state institution, specifically one of the facilities of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation located in the Republic of Karelia, and to give recommendations for enhancing SPC. Based on the research findings, the author provides recommendations aimed at fostering more effective employee management and enhancing the SPC within the organization in question.
Baluk V. N. Keywords: labor market, Generation Z, Zoomers, labor activity, wage labor, remuneration of work	Generation Z in the Russian Labor Market: What Should Employers Consider? The article explores the attitude of young people (members of Generation Z) to labor activity. Representatives of this generation exhibit distinct characteristics that shape their behavior, including their behavior in the labor market and their interaction with colleagues and employers. This article investigates the latest trends in young people's attitude to work, as well as their motivation (and the applicability of existing concepts to current realities), resulting from the study of current labor market problems in Russia. Based on the analysis, the article offers recommendations for employers.
Shaban N. A. Keywords: IQ.KARELIA, testing, percent correct, open base, closed base, question difficulty, normal testing, control testing	Statistical Analysis and Identification of Dependencies Between Tests on the IQ.KARELIA Platform This paper presents an analysis of the "Non-Decimal Arithmetic" test on the IQ.KARELIA platform. The primary objective was to evaluate the correctness of the question generation algorithm and to identify any unrepresentative or incorrect questions by using the chi-square test and analyzing the percentage of correct answers. The findings indicate that the question issuance algorithm is not inconsistent with uniform issuance. Additionally, there were identified specific problem topics and questions that do not correspond to the intended difficulty level. Based on these results, there were offered recommendations for optimizing the test.
Vishnevsky A. R. Keywords: hydroelectric power plant, machine learning, prediction model, artificial intelligence, adaptive and gradient boosting	Adaptive Boosting Model for Forecasting Power Generation at Paleozero Hydroelectric Power Plant This article deals with developing a model for short-term forecasting of theoretical power generation at the Paleozero Hydroelectric Power Plant, with the aim of achieving high accuracy in predicting required values. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of meteorological conditions on forecasting accuracy. To achieve this, the study employed a widely-used regression method in machine learning, utilizing retrospective data on electricity generation and meteorological conditions from the period of 2016 to 2023.
Borovikova D. A. Keywords: family values, family traditions, marriage, family, Kostomuksha city district, Karelian Arctic	Family Values of Residents of the Karelian Arctic: Insights from the 2024 Expedition to the Kostomuksha City District This article presents the findings of a study examining the family values of residents in the Kostomuksha city district at present. It addresses the issue of the erosion of family values in contemporary society and explores the family traditions and values held by the district's population. The research utilized both surveys and interviews to gather data from the residents. The obtained data were compared with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 of 2022, which aims to reinforce traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.

Vol. 10, No 2

Krivonosov P. N., Matrosova S. V. Keywords: black soldier fly, rainbow trout, fish food, aquaculture	The Use of Compound Feeds with Different Concentrations of Hermetia Illucens Larvae Biomass for Rainbow Trout in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems The article addresses the use of compound feeds containing an additive based on the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) for the cultivation of rainbow trout in recirculating aquaculture systems. It presents data on the size and weight characteristics of fish obtained during the test administration of feeds containing varying concentrations of the insect-based additive. The findings demonstrate that the use of feed with insect larval biomass positively influences growth performance and reduces feed conversion from 1.08 to 0.87.
Burovsky A. A. Keywords: Soviet intelligence, collaborationism, Latvian police battalions, Latvian Legion, occupation policy, card system, money maintenance	Latvian Collaborators Through the Eyes of Soviet Naval Intelligence The article examines previously unpublished sources obtained by Soviet intelligence regarding the formation of police battalions by the German occupation administration in Latvia. The findings indicate that the units staffed by collaborators were characterized by low reliability, primarily due to decisions made by the German command. The study highlights the unique aspects of the occupation regime in Latvia, which contributed to the establishment of these collaborationist formations. Many servicemen were dissatisfied with the conditions of service, so both the Soviet and German sides attempted to exploit this sentiment for their strategic advantage.
Piroev S. G. Keywords: Russian Civil War, defense of Petrograd, Leon Trotsky, Northwestern Army, Seventh Army	Leon Trotsky as the Leader of the autumn defence of Petrograd in 1919 The article analyzes activities of Leon Trotsky, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council, during the defense of Petrograd in the autumn of 1919, avoiding ideological bias or tendencies toward idealization or demonization of his actions. This research involved examinig archival materials from the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg, which had not been previously introduced into scholarly discourse. Drawing on a combination of published sources, archival materials, and existing scholarly literature, the author concludes that Trotsky’s leadership during the autumn defense was marked by contradictions, but his decisions ultimately contributed to a strategic shift at the front in favor of the Red Army.
Popov D. A. Keywords: Karelian Front, Karelia, 19th Army, troops growth, combat strength and numerical composition, Great Patriotic War	Strength of the 19th Army of the Karelian Front in 1942–1944. The article analyzes the combat strength and numerical composition of troops, as well as the growth of military forces during the Great Patriotic War, focusing particularly on the 19th Army of the Karelian Front, which was formed in 1942 — a topic that has received little attention in Russian historiography. The study underscores the significance of examining these components to better understand the dynamics of military operations. Drawing on materials from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense, the research explores the number of personnel, weapons, and other resources within each unit of the 19th Army during the period from 1942 to 1944.
Bondar G. A., Kuleznev N. S. Keywords: computer vision, YOLOv11, object detection, ecosystem monitoring, camera traps, animal recognition	Developing a Service for Detecting Animals in Photographs Automating the detection of animals in camera trap photographs is a significant challenge in ecological research. This study aims to develop a web service for the automatic identification of fauna representatives native to Karelia. The research methodology involved compiling a dataset of 6,706 images of animals, training the YOLOv11 neural network model for object recognition, and designing a web interface integrated with the "Smart Ecosystems. Monitoring 4.0" platform. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of an automated system for processing camera trap data — from image acquisition to web-based visualization — for efficient biodiversity monitoring.
Kalinina P. N. Keywords: artificial intelligence, personalization, individualization, survey, foreign language, education, digital literacy, subjectivity	Individualization and Personalization of Language Learning Through Artificial Intelligence: Problems and Prospects The article explores the demand for artificial intelligence (AI) digital tools among students enrolled in language degree programs. The study examines the potential of these technologies for personalizing and individualizing foreign language learning in the context of rapid AI integration into educational settings. The research aims to assess students' digital literacy levels and their readiness to adopt AI-based tools. Special attention is given to recommendations for enhancing digital competencies among both students and educators.
Kozhevnikov A. K. Keywords: electronic voting, electoral process, European Union, security, political trust	Using E-Voting Tools During Elections in Some EU Countries The article examines the implementation of electronic voting systems during elections across seven European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Spain, Poland, Portugal, and the Czech Republic. Using a comparative legal analysis, the study evaluates the regulatory norms and practices in each country. It also implements statistical methods to identify emerging patterns and trends, as well as the method of modeling to propose enhancements to legal regulation. Based on the findings, the article offers practical recommendations for improving legal regulation, including alignment with international cybersecurity standards.
Igoshina I. A. Keywords: psychology students, extracurricular activities, non-classroom activities, motivation, self-determination theory	Motivation of Petrozavodsk State University students to extracurricular activities: an empirical study This article examines students' motivation to participate in extracurricular activities within the framework of the self-determination theory developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. Based on an empirical study involving students at Petrozavodsk State University, certain differences in the structure of life aspirations between participating and non-participating groups of students were identified. The paper suggests practical recommendations aimed at enhancing student engagement in extracurricular activities.
Lebedeva V. O. Keywords: life challenges, personal maturity, life situation, stress, irritability	Life Challenges Faced by Students of Petrozavodsk State University The article examines the life challenges faced by junior and senior students majoring in Pedagogical Education at Petrozavodsk State University throughout their study. The findings indicate differences in the students' assessment of these challenges: senior students demonstrate greater sensitivity and responsiveness to their difficulties compared to juniors. Specifically, differences were observed across such categories as financial, social, academic, and health-related difficulties.
Naziri K. S. Keywords: Gorky, Troyat, Alexandropoulos, fictional biography, biographical fiction, Soviet literature	Biographical Portrayal of Maxim Gorky: A Comparative Approach The article examines the biographical portrayal of Maxim Gorky through the lens of two different approaches: Henri Troyat’s fictional biography and Mitsos Alexandropoulos’ biographical fiction. A comparative analysis of these works highlights the features of their narrative structure, the biographer’s attitude toward his hero, and the perception of historical reality. Special attention is given to Gorky’s early literary steps, his relationships with prominent contemporaries such as Chekhov, and the authors’ views on Gorky’s role within the Soviet regime.
Podshivalova A. A. Keywords: mythonym, theonym, antonomasia, metonymy, metaphor, corpus linguistics	Expressive Functioning of Mythonyms in Russian Poetry of the 1950s–1970s This article presents an analysis of mythonym usage in Russian poetry from the 1950s through the 1970s. The study aims to examine the composition, combinatorial patterns, frequency, and expressive functions of the names of ancient Greek gods — Zeus, Apollo, Hades, Hermes, Hephaestus, Dionysus, and Poseidon — in Soviet-era Russian poetry. The findings indicate that mythonyms were actively employed by poets of the studied period to create a diverse array of literary tropes and figures.
Khareva M. I. Keywords: Fyodor Abramov, Nikolai Fyodorov, kinship, patrophication, Pelageya, Alka	«A Tale of Mother and Daughter» by Fyodor Abramov in the Context of Philosophical Ideas of Nikolai Fyodorov Many critics have analyzed the images of the main heroines in Fyodor Abramov's novels Pelageya and Alka, yet their interpretations are similar in many respects. A new reading opens up when we turn to the philosophical ideas of Nikolai Fyodorov, alongside with Abramov's diary entries and preparatory notes for his novels. The author created the characters of Pelageya and Alka in the spirit of Fyodorov's ideas, endowing them with strong personalities, passion for life, and unwavering resistance to death. The study denostrates that through these vibrant female characters Abramov in his own way interpreted eternal problems such as the conflict of generations and the confrontation between town and countryside.
Florinskii A. A. Keywords: validation, dynamic model, calibration, configurable parameters, cost function, genetic algorithm, active power, voltage	Validation of a Power System Dynamic Model Implemented in the Modelica Language This study has been fueled by the need for a reliable assessment of power system behavior based on its computer model. The significance of the research stems from the absence of a unified approach to the validation process for dynamic models of power systems. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare various methods of dynamic model validation. Specifically, it examines different validation methods for dynamic computational models of an electric power system implemented in the Modelica language, the nuances of their application, their respective advantages and disadvantages.

Vol. 10, No 3

Kupriyanova A. V. Keywords: aerial gymnastics, circus art, culture, sports, competitions	Formation and Development of Aerial Gymnastics in the Republic of Karelia The primary aim of this study is to examine the historical development of aerial gymnastics in the Republic of Karelia and to assess its impact on the region’s cultural and sporting heritage. Today, aerial gymnastics is experiencing rapid growth in popularity both as a sport and performance art. An increasing number of individuals, including spectators and aspiring athletes, are drawn to this activity. Tracing the formation and evolution of this kind of sports helps to evaluate the effectiveness of existing instructional methods and identify new strategies for pedagogy and training within the field.
Razumovskaya D. D. Keywords: physical education, sports, competitions, mass athletic competitions, media product, online communities	An Analysis of the Relationship Between Social Media Activity and Athletic Achievements This article examines the role of digital communities in engaging students in physical education and sports. In the digital age, social media can actively influence students to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Digital communities provide students with access to up-to-date information about sporting events, training sessions, and athletic opportunities at the university. Social media is not only a powerful communication tool but also an effective platform for promoting a healthy lifestyle.
Tekfi T. A. Keywords: souvenir products, tourism, Republic of Karelia, cultural identity, crafts, innovation, digital promotion, sustainable development	Souvenirs as a Means of Promoting Tourism in the Republic of Karelia The modern tourism industry requires integrating traditional crafts with innovative technologies in souvenir production. Using the Republic of Karelia as a case study, this paper identifies challenges of standardization and the lack of local cultural codes in souvenirs. Proposed development strategies include developing regional product lines, establishing art residencies and interregional craft clusters, and using digital promotion. The development of souvenir products contributes to strengthening regional identity and increasing tourist attractiveness.
Smirnov A. S. Keywords: forestry, coupe demarcation, forest inventory, tree marking, marking paint, aerosol can, forest tools	New Tool for Tree Marking in Coupe Demarcation and Forest Inventory The paper presents a novel device for tree marking used in coupe demarcation and forest inventory, designed to reflect recent updates to regulatory guidelines. It reports the results of a field study evaluating the efficiency of various tree-marking methods and comparing existing marking tools with the proposed device.
Piroev S. G. Keywords: Russian Civil War, defense of Petrograd, Joseph Stalin, Northern Corps, Seventh Army, Krasnaya Gorka	Joseph Stalin as the Leader of the Spring-Summer Defense of Petrograd in 1919 The article analyzes the activities of the authorized representative of the Defense Council, Joseph Stalin, as the head of the spring–summer defense of Petrograd in 1919. The study draws on archival materials from the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg, the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg, and the Russian State Archive of the Navy, which had not previously been circulated in scholarly discourse. Based on the analysis of this new archival evidence, supplemented by published sources, and existing scholarly literature, the author concludes that Stalin’s deployment to Petrograd in May 1919 contributed to a positive shift on the Northwestern Front, ultimately enabling the 7th Army to launch a successful counteroffensive.
Kharichev I. N. Keywords: Arctic, international cooperation, Republic of Karelia, environmental sustainability, cross-border cooperation	International Cooperation in the Arctic: A Regional Perspective The study presents an analysis of the geopolitical and economic aspects of Russia’s Arctic Zone in the context of international cooperation. It emphasizes the environmental challenges arising from climate change and the intensification of economic activity. Against this backdrop, the paper examines how the Republic of Karelia intends to position itself and adapt to the new conditions.
Zakirov V. D. Keywords: digitalization of economy, tax risks, cross-border transactions, digital financial assets, harmonization of legislation, tax residency	Problems and Prospects of Value Added Taxation of Digital Goods and Services With the digitalization of the economy, taxation of electronic goods and services (such as SaaS or online courses) has become essential for the Russian Federation and the global community. This article analyzes legal conflicts of determining the place of supply for value-added tax (VAT) and of complying with international standards (OECD/BEPS, EU/e-commerce). It addresses issues such as jurisdictional uncertainty, the risk of double taxation, complexity of administration, and reduced investments in the Russian Federation. The paper proposes practical legislative improvements, including an automated cross-border taxation model designed to reduce uncertainty.
Ilyichov S. A. Keywords: criminal law qualification, hooliganism, subcultural conflict	Criminal Law Deconstruction of Rallies Against the Sovyonok-Fest Festival The article analyzes incidents surrounding the Sovyonok-Fest festival as an example of subcultural conflict that migrates from digital platforms to real-world offenses. It examines the legal qualification of the committed acts through the lens of hooliganism committed by a group acting under prior conspiracy. The study differentiates these acts from related offenses, such as mass riots and extremism, and investigates the motives of the participants. The findings underscore the need for law enforcement practices to adapt to new forms of socially disruptive behavior.
Sakun E. Y., Kozhevnikov A. K. Keywords: arbitration courts, state arbitration, commercial courts, arbitration proceedings, periodization, judicial reform, legal evolution, economic disputes	Historical Evolution of Arbitration Proceedings in Russia: Key Stages and Their Impact on the Modern Legal System The article analyzes the historical evolution of arbitration proceedings in Russia, highlighting the institutional and legal changes that have influenced the contemporary system. It traces key developmental stages from Ancient Rus to post-Soviet reforms, with particular attention to the continuity of procedural principles. The study identifies enduring elements – specialization, glasnost, adversarial mechanisms, and market-oriented adaptation – and emphasizes the importance of historical context for understanding modern challenges and prospects of arbitration development.
Gavrilov K. V. Keywords: containerized tree seedlings, forest nursery, greenhouse, weeding, laser, neural network dataset	Prospects for Automated Cultivation of Seedlings with a Closed Root System in Forest Nurseries The paper describes the development of system components that enable weed control using laser irradiation during the cultivation of seedlings with a closed root system in greenhouse conditions. The study demonstrates the possibility of laser damage to Marchantia polymorpha L. as well as to conifer containerized tree seedlings. The paper also outlines efforts to assemble a data set for training a neural network intended for a computer-vision system detecting the presence of seedlings in cassette cells.
Karasova K. O. Keywords: mass behavior, digital society, crowd psychology, imitation, communication, Le Bon, Tarde, sociology, public, public opinion	A Comparative Analysis of the Theories of Gustave Le Bon and Gabriel Tarde in the Context of Modern Social Reality This article presents a comparative analysis of the sociological theories of Gustave Le Bon and Gabriel Tarde. It examines the core ideas of Le Bon’s crowd psychology and Tarde’s theory of imitation, focusing on their methodological differences and similarities. The study highlights the relevance of these theories in modern society, analyzing contemporary social phenomena such as the spread of fake news, the emergence of protest movements, and the impact of social networks on public opinion. Through illustrative examples, the study identifies distinct approaches to understanding mass processes and demonstrates the continued relevance of Le Bon’s and Tarde’s frameworks in modern society.
Nistratova V. D. Keywords: reconstruction, Pink Pavilion, Peterhof, information modeling technologies (TIM), architectural heritage, adaptation concept	Reconstruction of Ruined Architectural Monuments: Problems, Gaps, and Existing Limitations The paper explores the key challenges that arise when restoring the appearance of a ruined architectural monument, using the example of the Pink Pavilion in Peterhof. It identifies methods for restoring ruined monuments, taking into account the identified challenges related to insufficient historical data, the choice of materials, preserving authenticity, and the implementation of information modeling technologies. The paper also presents a concept for adapting the pavilion. The research highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach that combines the preservation of historical value with the resolution of contemporary challenges.
Smotrina I. E. Keywords: landscape urbanism, Magadan, coastal areas, Mayak Park, Dukcha Ethnopark, Far North, urban environment, sustainable development	Landscape Urbanism in the Far North: A Case of Magadan The article addresses the theoretical and practical foundations of applying the landscape urbanism approach in the Far North. The process of coastal transformation is analyzed using the examples of Mayak Park and Dukcha Ethnopark in Magadan. Special attention is paid to the historical development of landscape urbanism in Russia and abroad, as well as the prospects for its adaptation to harsh natural and climatic conditions. The article identifies the characteristics of public space design in the North and outlines key directions for the further development of the urban environment in Magadan.
Grezeva A. N. Keywords: phraseology, phraseological unit, chengyu, nature-related component, translation	Translating Chinese Phraseological Expressions with a Nature-Related Component The article examines the distinctive features of translating Chinese phraseological units that incorporate a nature-related element and identifies their cultural and historical specificity. Phraseological units constitute an important component of the language system, reflecting national mentality, traditions, and cultural codes of native speakers. They not only enrich discourse, but also function as key markers in intercultural communication. Phraseological expressions with nature-related semantics are of particular interest, given their close connections to Chinese mythology, philosophy, and natural realities.
Ruchenkina S. A. Keywords: Goncharov, Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, The Precipice, character, genesis, potential plot	The Onegin-Like Character in Ivan Goncharov’s Novel The Precipice: Genesis and Poetics This article examines the character of Mark Volokhov in Ivan Goncharov’s novel The Precipice through the lense of Sergei Bocharov’s concept of the potential plot in Alexander Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin, viewed as a precursor to mid-19th‑century Russian literature. The study focuses on the genesis and poetics of the character who combines the traits of Pushkin’s protagonist and his European literary predecessors. In response to contemporary social transformations, Goncharov adapts Pushkin’s potential plot to his own views on the challenges of his era and the relevant social and political context.