Vol. 8, No 4: 59–66.

History

 2023

Scientific article

UDK 94 (470) «18»
pdf-version

Aleksey D. Antonov
bachelor's degree, Petrozavodsk State University
(Petrozavodsk, Russia),
antonow20111813@mail.ru

The Application of Arnold Toynbee's Theory of "Challenge and Response" in Analyzing Alexander I's Military Reforms

Scientific adviser:
Evgeniy V. Kamenev
Reviewer:
Ivan Savitskii
Paper submitted on: 11/09/2023;
Accepted on: 11/28/2023;
Published online on: 12/01/2023.
 Abstract. This paper attempts to provide a fresh perspective on the military reforms that took place in the Russian Empire during the early 19th century through the lens of the "challenge and response" theory by the English historian Arnold Toynbee. In our opinion, these ongoing military changes were a direct response from Alexander I and his associates to both external and internal challenges. As a result, the Russian army underwent partial modernization in order to address these challenges. This compromise led to the adoption of a mixed organizational model that combined elements of the French army's innovative military practices with remnants of the feudal system within the Russian army.
Keywords: "challenge and response" theory, Arnold Toynbee, Alexander I, Pavel I, military reforms, Russian army

For citation: Antonov, A. D. The Application of Arnold Toynbee's Theory of "Challenge and Response" in Analyzing Alexander I's Military Reforms. StudArctic forum. 2023, 8 (4): 59–66.

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